International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Universal Business - Essay Example It gets important to be expressed in such manner that the quick pace of globalization concerning the overall economies saw in the present years has been surveyed to be significantly subject to the feature of quick advancement in the field of advances just as science. The purpose for this quick advancement has been learned to be a result of the related condition where the market financial structure was seen to have been extending over the world. The expressed factor of progress or improvement has been seen to be activated inferable from the taking off separating of work over the outskirts which has additionally been invading into the creation fastens concerning the endeavors according to different nations (Tisdell and Sen, 2004). The procedures identified with the heightening level of globalization, in any case just as financial are known to offer ascent to the feature of new monetary alterations alongside not many political difficulties as for each person. The competency controlled b y the national governments as far as acting self-governingly with respect to the significant monetary just as social strategies will in general trim down because of the raising global financial between dependence. The lesser level of capability of the nationalized governments as to controlling the social, social, financial and natural change infers the probability of a rising necessity for comprehensively synchronized political exercises (Tisdell and Sen, 2004). These specific exercises are viewed as basic so as to adapt up to any sort of undesirable modifications in the referenced factors for the explanation of taking off degree of globalization followed by worldwide reliance. Accordingly, the part of monetary globalization can be expressed to be the strategy identified with universal modern re-alteration and rebuilding (Shangquan, 2000). The Legal and Political Environment Western Australia is accepted to present such a business climate or setting which is considered to help advan cement and plushness. The degree identified with sovereign-hazard and government approaches identified with expert development has been estimated to be very less alongside an inexorably capable just as imaginative faculty or work power makes the part of directing business in the nation to be very beneficial and simple. The structure of the legislature in Australia is seen as dependent and compatible of a convention that is known to be liberal equitable involving opportunity comparable to discourse just as relationship alongside strict resistance. The structure of government in the nation follows an arrangement of three-level that is Federal or Commonwealth, Local and State. The Parliament of Australia alongside the Government holds responsibility in regards to the issues pertinent to National Interest for example migration, post just as media communications, standardized savings, banks, remote issues, guard, annuities, registration alongside insights and coinage (Government of Weste rn Australia, 2009). The lawful structure in Australia has been found to have been created in setting with the British law. Significant part according to the law has been

Honda Environmental Leadership Essay

Honda Motor Co. is the biggest engine cycle producer and a main automaker on the planet. With an overall system of more than 501 auxiliaries, Honda’s differing portfolio incorporates little estimated broadly useful motors to bikes and sports vehicles. The way of thinking of Honda Motor Co. is all around settled in with the Japanese culture of seeking after the ‘triple joys’. The triple delights mirror the delights of purchasing, selling and making. The organization has been especially perceived world over for its drives in handling ecological difficulties. Albeit natural concerns and requirement for reciprocative activity got famous in the mid 1980s, Honda’s endeavors toward this path can be ascribed to the 1960s when air contamination was first comprehended. The ecological initiative at Honda is profoundly established in the company’s vision to be ‘a organization that the general public needs to exist’ (Honda Motors, 2010). Today individuals all through the world have gotten aware of the harms cars can do to our condition. Consequently we see condition cordial car advancements rising in light of revealing ecological circumstance. The idea of Green Motoring has come to fruition, which includes utilizing elective fills so as to lessen air contamination. Among the endeavors car makers take to add to the earth, is the utilization of energizes produced from bio alcohols and bio mass. Green motoring is currently centered around utilizing hydrogen as a fuel (Green Field H 2008). The vision of the organization is to be sure excessively radical, in any event as for condition assurance. Needing to consider itself to be an element that the general public doesn’t object, is to be sure an uncommon idea, mirroring its comprehension of open reasoning. This way of thinking additionally features the significance it connects to open view of natural debasement. The organization appears to accept that the general public will permit it to exist just in the event that it is consistence with its desires. It is in this manner no big surprise that Honda had played a position of authority well in front of its rivals, proactively. The natural effect has been completely examined, incorporating its assembling procedure, the vehicles made, the help exercises like organization, transportation and so on. The earth neighborly activities are reflected in the entirety of its auxiliaries all through the world. Honda appears to have made ecological concern a piece of its worldwide system. All Honda tasks all through the world, have a huge holding on for regard to condition security for the nations in which they work. Conversation Honda tries to make new an incentive by consolidating imaginative thoughts that mirror the evolving needs. The organization is focused on the future, by limiting its consequences for the earth and its admission of earth’s assets. An ongoing review by DuPont and the Society of Automotive Industry (SAE) has recognized ecological worries just like the greatest test for the business. As per Chris Murphy DuPont executive, natural contemplations are changing vehicle plan and advancement and have become a differentiator in the commercial center. About 54% of the respondents saw eco-friendly vehicles with decreased ecological effect as being essential to the customers (Laura 2008). On its part, Honda tries to address environmental change, created because of higher convergence of CO2, CFC and different nurseries gases. By presenting half and half and fuel conserving innovations, CO2 discharges are decreased in Honda vehicles, however all through its whole corporate action. As to consumption of assets, Honda has been creating innovations, sun based cell improvement and vitality sparing advances. The organization is all around set to be in front of the specifications expected of it, as a vehicle maker. The continuous guidelines are just expected to get harder with time, and vehicle maker specifically must be solid and steady to accomplish the necessary measures. The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) requires vehicles and SUVs to expand their eco-friendliness by about 4% every year. Along these lines by 2020, an eco-friendliness of around 35 miles for every gallon must be accomplished (Crawley, 2007). The consistence of Honda to ecological concerns is apparent from its 1972 advancement of the CVCC motor in consistence with the US Clean Air Act, which was the world’s hardest discharge guideline of the time. The organization sought after its advancement of exhaust system and other such clean outflow advances over the most recent four decades bringing about its vehicles discharges being diminished to 1/1000 of its 1970 levels. Honda is as of now advancing its Green Factory activity around the world, along with vitality preservation and waste decrease activities in its non-creation exercises. Around 324 auxiliaries including 224 non-producing organizations have been secured by this (Honda Motors, 2010). The immediate and roundabout vitality utilization at Honda Motors is appeared in Appendix 1, while locale shrewd vitality, water utilization and waste are appeared in Appendix 2. The authentic endeavors in needing to pass a lovely common habitat to the group of people yet to come is reflected in the organization setting up its own autonomous objectives and moving in the direction of the equivalent. A portion of the eminent ideas in Honda ecological goals are: Green Vehicle advancement: Striving towards improvement of zero emanation for every one of its vehicles, Honda turned into the main Japanese organization to consent to the ongoing discharge guidelines. The organization built up an uncommon fumes air infusion framework and a customized framework for fuel infusion which is as of now utilized in its VFR cruiser. The company’s 50cc Giorno Crea bike is profoundly eco-friendly and furthermore condition amicable. Energy component Electric Vehicle (FCEV): Even as right on time as 1986, Honda had been engaged with the improvement of a hydrogen controlled power device electric vehicle, today found as FCX Clarity FCEV. The vehicle has been the consequence of two many years of work by Honda’s engineers, with an end goal to genuinely save the earth’s condition. The vehicle utilizes an electric engine and an energy component stack and doesn't produce any CO2. At the point when the energy unit stack was produced without precedent for 1999, it was excessively huge and massive. Through persistent innovative work the energy unit stack experienced change to decrease and lighter but then progressively ground-breaking (American Honda, 2010). This thus empowered the vehicle to get rich and agreeable. The features of FCX Clarity FCEV are: †¢ Only water fume emanation †¢ Reduces carbon dioxide discharges altogether †¢ Certified as a zero outflow vehicle (ZEV) Green Dealer: The Green seller idea smoothes out and empowers effective utilization of water, power and paper through consistent evaluations and upgrades of existing frameworks. The idea is aimed at protection of the earth and downplaying the dirtying exercises (HMSI, 2007). Making an attention to condition among the workers and the overall population is additionally a piece of this plan. Objective setting: Honda’s endeavors towards ecological safeguarding are reflected through separately characterized targets. In 2006 it set discharge decrease objectives for CO2 outflow, to be reached by 2010. In 2007 the organization set focuses for decreasing natural effect, additionally planned to be accomplished by 2010. The organization is on target to arrive at targets. What's to come is just getting harder for the vehicle makers, however Honda is immovably set to meet the necessary objectives. While defining natural objectives for itself, across worldwide tasks, Honda has been excessively point by point in its methodology. The organization moved toward nature issue from a few points of view. As a component of its worldwide natural strategy, Honda sets explicit objectives with respect to its Life Cycle Assessment System, by which the ecological effect is estimated and broke down. Aside from checking and lessening its outflows, it likewise contemplated and observed the effect on condition because of its emanations. The organization through its providers and accomplices, along these lines looked for arrangements through advancements and advances, to search for approaches to be in concordance with nature. Honda of Canada Manufacturing (HCM) was among the primary car producers to get the ISO 14001 accreditation. HCM today reuses about 99% of its creation squander and is progressing in the direction of 100% reusing (Cambridge Center Honda, 2010). The organization is credited with bringing the primary Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) to Canada. In 2003 when it began creation of the Civic GX, the vehicle was evaluated by the EPA as having the cleanest IC motor on the planet. In 2002 March, Honda presented the Honda life cycle evaluation framework (LCA) to assess the ecological effect of its items. CO2 is one of the principle components that are observed through this evaluation of items, from assembling to removal. Relating to the levels distinguished, targets are set for all areas including creation, deals and administration, and organization, with activities actualized to accomplish targets. In 2007 Honda presented the item life cycle appraisal framework (LCA) which rotates on the CO2 emanations from a solitary vehicle through its lifetime. The estimations uncovered that 78% of CO2 emanations are related with item use and 6% during its discharge. The organization would now be able to survey CO2 discharges all the more precisely, for each part of the vehicle’s life, consequently adding to decrease endeavors. The CO2 focused on decreases are in this manner aimed at 80% of the complete discharges, as to LCA. End and proposals All segments of worldwide economy are progressively going under natural guidelines to guarantee that all strategic policies, no longer proceed with negligence to the earth. The vehicle makers are among the soonest to get such specifications as vehicles are a significant supporter of contamination. The

Are you a high school student

Are you a high school student Hey friends, Id like to pass along a message from Jennifer Li, the Event Outreach Chair of MITs Society of Women Engineers (SWE) one of the most active groups on campus. We are pleased to invite all high school students to participate in an exciting annual event presented by the MIT Society of Women Engineers: The Exploring Majors Fair. Through this interactive, engaging event, high school students will have the opportunity to explore a diverse number of science, math, and engineering fields and work on career development. The students will be able to network with current MIT students in a casual environment and discuss how MIT students chose their respective majors, research and internship experiences, and college in general. This year the date is set for Saturday, October 29, 2011, from 2:30 to 4:00 pm in Lobby 10 at MIT. Students can fill out the registration form at http://swe.mit.edu/highschool/exploringmajors.php If you have any questions or concerns, please email [emailprotected] Thank you and we look forward to seeing you at the fair! If youre a high school student living somewhat close to Cambridge, MA, be sure to take advantage of this great opportunity! :)

Evaluation Of A Peer Evaluation System - 1884 Words

Peer Evaluation System Name: Institutional Affiliation: Introduction Peer evaluation is a term that gives a description of the assessment progress that allows learners to self-evaluate their performance together with that of other learners. Peer evaluation is a valuable assessment that is required in the organization. Any firm that implements peer evaluation has records of high productivity. The company uses information from the outcome of the assessment to improve on the working conditions of the workers. In addition, learners who are beneficiaries of peer evaluation have the task of assessing the thinking capability of their peer members and measure how their contribution could benefit the organization. The assessment procedure double-checks the capability of all the learners and their contribution to making the company productive. Peer evaluation is a process that involves activities like listening, problem solving and analysis. The activities above help in ensuring that the company succeeds in the implementation of strategies that the evaluator wa s evaluating. The procedure of peer evaluation is significant especially in the time of sharpening the skills of the workers. As a major role in the company, peer evaluation helps in exposing capability of the worker. The use of the concept in the company assists in giving group members with an opportunity of facing the reality. Members participating in the activity will have the chance of learning new things first fromShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Peer Evaluation System1901 Words   |  8 Pages Peer Evaluation System Prepared by: Saiaf Bareem Prepared for: ALLAN CUTLER Course: MGT4302_010 HR Communications Project MGT. Institution name: Algonquin College 2014 â€Æ' Introduction Peer evaluation is a term that gives a description of the assessment progress that allows learners to self-evaluate their performance together with that of other learners. Peer evaluation is a valuable assessment that is required in the organization. Any firm that implements peer evaluation has records ofRead MoreThe Need For Peer Review Evaluation System1371 Words   |  6 PagesPeer Evaluation System Introduction The need for peer review evaluation system helps in evaluating the work done by different students, who poses the same level of competency. Through this method, it is possible to set out the standards for quality check, which is required for improving the performance. The demand for academic review across different universities has increased. This helps the students to conduct a detailed analysis of the situation or the project that has been carriedRead More360 Degree Peer Review Evaluation1384 Words   |  5 Pages360 Degree Peer Review Evaluation Executive Summary A 360-degree feedback system is also known by a number of other names such as a multi-rater feedback, multisource feedback, or multisource assessment. 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The study compared the effectiveness of two interventions in reducing alcohol use, drug use and criminal justice charges for person with serverRead MoreObjective 317.1.6-03-06 and 317.1.6-08-10 Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesObjective 317.1.6-03-06 and 317.1.6-08-10 Objective 317.1.6-03-06 and 317.1.6-08-10 The manufacturing plant currently does not have a sound system of performance evaluation. The current system addresses the friendliness of the employee, the orderliness of the employee’s workspace, and the attitude of the employee towards others. The current performance evaluation does not address the needs of the employee by properly preparing the employee for the goals of the company. The employee has not been givenRead MoreEssay on Criteria for Performance Evaluation1039 Words   |  5 Pagesat work place. This situation put the plant manager in a difficult position when it came to developing a well outline assessment of the engineer. Criteria for Performance Evaluation The three sets of performance evaluation mechanisms that brought concerns for the manager and the employee in the current evaluation structure included poor relationships with co-workers, personal characteristics, and behavior. These points of concern were particularly causing friction between the manager sinceRead MoreMorgan Stanley Becoming a One-Firm Firm711 Words   |  3 Pagesoperations globally, the firm’s performance dropped due to delayed decision making and bitter battles over resources. Morgan Stanley was lacking from strong divisional focus, lack of future leaders, and poor career development amp; haphazard performance evaluation which resulted in employee dissatisfaction with promotion procedures and compensation schemes. John Mack’s vision and goal for the firm was to become a â€Å"one-firm firm†. Mack wanted to change the culture and values at Morgan Stanley, in order to

Immigration A Nation Of Immigrants - 937 Words

â€Å"Immigration make us stronger. It keeps us vibrant. It keeps us hungry. It keeps us prosperous. It is part of what makes this such a dynamic country†-Barack Obama. Throughout America’s history, immigrants have been a pivotal aspect on its economy and culture. America has always been a nation of immigrants, in fact during 1881 to 1920 nearly 23.5 million immigrants were welcomed by the American government with open arms. However, this phase ended when the U.S. government decided to put a limit on the number of immigrants accepted in the U.S. due to fear of communism. This country which was so often admired for its fairness and tolerance on immigration now has a broken immigration system which has become so cruel and unfair to businesses, workers, and families alike. President Obama strives to fix the United States’ many economic and social problems with his immigration reform. This plan, which promises temporary citizenship to qualifying immigrants, has put a strain in the relationship between the national and state governments. Texas’ current governor Greg Abbott is currently taking legal action against President Obama’s administration, he argues that President Obama’s immigration reform will hurt the economy. Greg Abbott is not only fighting Obama’s immigration reform but he is also making harmful decisions regarding the future of the Texas Dream Act. In order to understand the current immigration issues in the Unites States it is important to understand the recent changesShow MoreRelatedImmigration : A Nation Of Immigrants1760 Words   |  8 Pages America may be a nation of immigrants, but they haven t always welcomed newcomers with open arms. â€Å"Immigration has always been a political issue because government sets the numbers and rules for legal immigration. For a time during the 2008 presidential election, immigration was the most important issue for voters in several key agricultural states† (livinghistoryfarm.org). â€Å"America s racial and ethnic makeup has been evolving since Spanish settlers and American Indians first mingled in the 16thRead MoreImmigration Policy : The Nation Of Immigrants1486 Words   |  6 PagesOften depicted as â€Å"the nation of immigrants†, immigration policies have been highlighted in news media and pushed to the forefront of recent political debates in the United States. In 2014, more than 42.4 million, or 13.3%, of the 318.9 million people in the U.S. were immigrants (MPI, 2016). There was an 11 percent increase in 2014 in the number of foreign-born individuals that moved to the United States, with India and China the two countries of origin with the most new immigrants (MPI, 2016). In termsRead MoreImmigration Speech : A Nation Of Immigrants1194 Words   |  5 PagesObama stated, in his immigration speech, â€Å"My fellow Americans, we are and always will be a nation of immigrants.† This has been and still is one of Am erica’s fundamental ideals. Immigrants have helped sustain America and have contributed their entire lives to the benefit of our nation. They have come to play a large role in the American economy and we must help them overcome the barrier that prevents many of them from contributing to the United States. In order to allow immigrants to achieve their fullRead MoreAmerican Immigration Entropy : The Land Of Opportunity And The Nation Of Immigrants996 Words   |  4 PagesCherub Ravoori. Eng 102- 050. Daniel Listoe. Draft 1, 10- x-15 â€Å"American Immigration Entropy† Stars and stripes, the land of opportunity and the nation of immigrants. 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Some of the reasons that the article outlines include; search for better employment in the US as they fear their nations which have low levels of employment, escape war from their nations, for adventure, education among otherRead MoreThe Framing Of Immigration By George Lakoff And Sam Ferguson906 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Framing of Immigration† (Draft #2) The authors George Lakoff and Sam Ferguson in the article â€Å"The Framing of Immigration†, claim that the United States of America has poor and inefficient discussions on immigration because the nation takes this broad subject and wrongfully simplifies it by framing immigration. Lakoff and Ferguson support this claim by using hard evidence to demonstrate the nation is framing immigration by using the illegal frame, the security frame, and the economic frame.Read MoreThe Framing Of Immigration By George Lakoff And Sam Ferguson906 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"The Framing of Immigration† the authors, George Lakoff and Sam Ferguson, claim that the United States of America has poor and inefficient discussions on immigration because when the nation frames immigration, this broad subject is inadequately simplified and therefore the debates and arguments are one sided and unfair. Lakoff and Ferguson further support this claim by using hard evidence to demonstrat e that the nation is framing immigration by using the illegal frame, the securityRead MoreImmigration : An Influential Aspect Of American History1172 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout American history, immigration has been a constant and significant force in the country. From the early beginnings of the nation in the seventeenth century to the present day, millions of people, from a variety of different and distinct nations and cultures, made the great journey to the United States to pursue greater economic and social opportunities. Immigration has been an influential aspect of American history. These immigrants have enhanced and contributed greatly to the fabric andRead MoreImmigration : The Fundamental Aspect Of American Growth1395 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration: The Fundamental Aspect of American Growth Luis Herrera First Period AP Government February 19, 2015 â€Æ' Immigration: The Fundamental Aspect of American Growth All great empires in history have been rooted in a specific, defining set of characteristics, traditions, values, and perspectives that fuel society towards unity and comradery. This central set of practices and perspectives evolves with along with the people it pertains to and creates a culture that effects all aspects of theRead MoreThe Impact of Illegal Immigration on the United States1523 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration is one of the hot topics in today’s society: legal and illegal. According to, Philip E. Wolgin, in his article, â€Å"Immigration Polling Roundup: Americans of All Political Stripes Want Congress to Pass Immigration Reform†, there are 11.7 million unauthorized immigrants living in America today. From 1990 – 2007, immigration increased from 3.5 million to 12.2 million. Since 2007, immigration has decreased and fluctuated from 12.2 million illegal immigrants to 11.7 million illegal immigrants

Theodore Roosevelt’s the Threat of Japan Free Essays

Document: Theodore Roosevelt:  The Threat of Japan, 1909 [At Mt. Holyoke] Introduction: For my history assignment, I chose the document â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt’s The Threat of Japan†. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, modernization took place, bringing Japan to the height of power equivalent to a western power after defeating both China and Russia. We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelt’s the Threat of Japan or any similar topic only for you Order Now United States was maintaining its policy of isolationism but was slowly transitioning to self interest imperialism, keeping control over countries with economic benefit such as open door policy with China. A summary of this article would be Roosevelt’s changing ideas of how US should change their foreign policy with regard to the dynamic change in the balance of world powers in 1909. My essay shall first examine the supporting points of the documents including the credibility of the source, reasons why Japan is a threat and immigration problems. Opposing points to mention would be that the document may be affect by the mentality of white’s men supremacy. All things considered, I largely agree with the source and President Roosevelt’s analysis of Japan as a threat. Paragraph 1: Credibility of source The document is a primary source, written by Theodore Roosevelt himself at the point of time to Senator Knox, giving original evidence in light to our argument. I have two considerations with regard to the source’s credibility, the credentials of the author and the timeliness of the events. Theodore Roosevelt as the 26th president of the United States, have he assumed positions at the city, state, and federal levels before elected as president and was also awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. As he has a reputation to uphold alongside his prestigious titles, there is less likeliness of him to be bias in his reports. The documented concerns give factual material in line with the events happening at that point of time. It is true that â€Å"Japan has formidable military power† and â€Å"considered themselves to be on a full equality† after their victory in the Russo-Japanese war in 1904-1905. There was also an immigration problem of Japanese â€Å"flocking by the hundred thousand into the US† and California legislature threatens to pass 17 anti-Japanese measures in 1909. As the ource is based on much concrete evidence as cross referenced with the timeline of events, I can claim that this document is credible to a large extent. Paragraph 2: Japan as a threat At the start of the 20th century, Japan came to be pictured as a political menace against United States, and her immigrants had been seen as a threat to American institution and economic security. He r victory in the Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War forced Roosevelt to see Japan as an equal. Meiji restoration where Japan combined Western advances with their own traditional values subsequently adopting modernization and military conscription. They view themselves as being encroached by foreigners under the unequal treaty system of the United States thus justifying Japan’s expansionistic intents. Examples would be Japan forcing its way through the Northeast China through the ownership of South Manchurian railway and formal control of Manchuria inherited from Russia. In the event of Portsmouth Treaty and the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1905, Japan used this chance to claim interest in Korea. Roosevelt acknowledged Japan’s military capabilities and is cautious when dealing with them. His famous â€Å"Big Stick Diplomacy† can be seen as he uses the concept of speaking softly, engaging in peaceful negotiation while having a â€Å"big stick†, a strong military. This is evident in the statement â€Å"treat Japan courteously that she will not be offended more than necessary† and constantly emphasizing the need of â€Å"keeping the Navy at the highest point of efficiency. † Roosevelt stressed harshly upon the need that the Navy needs to be strong in order to firstly keep Japan at bay through deterrence theory and secondly able to win wars if the need ever arise to. This shows that Roosevelt took Japan as a menace very seriously, and has placed in effect, measures that prevent the threat from manifesting. Paragraph 3: Japan’s immigration problems Since the opening of Japan from its self imposed seclusion policy in 1854, scholars have studied aboard to acquire Western teachings. The immigration problem manifested once Japanese started immigrating to Hawaii, Canada and US motivated by economic gains and evasion of military services. In the year 1900 alone, 12000 Japanese entered United States and by 1910 the population trebled to a total of 72,517. Although this bought a solution to their demand of cheap labour, another set of problems arise in the form of economic, racial and anti-Japanese agitation. Examples included would be San Francisco School Board implemented segregation of education school between Japanese and American children, and â€Å"California legislature passing offensive legislation aiming at Japanese†. This background knowledge is coherent in identifying the social problems such as a â€Å"race problem and contest† is forecasted if nothing is done to keep them out. He understands that his people will not permit the Japanese to come in â€Å"as citizens and will not tolerate their presences. † US experienced widespread anti-Japanese sentiments and this is supported from evidence that Roosevelt received insults such as â€Å"an unpatriotic President, who united with aliens to break down the civilization of his own countrymen† by San Francisco Chronicle when he decided to back Japan up against segregation measures by other nations. However Roosevelt’s reasons was that he did not wish to create tension and friction between the relations of two countries and hope to continue with their peaceful diplomatic attempts to prevent any possibility of war. In essence, despite the anti-Japanese agitation of the people with their measures in place, Roosevelt found it hard to openly support them as he hopes to continue their mutual corresponding efforts in diplomacy and restrain from any form of conflict. Paragraph 4: White Men’s Supremacy An uncertainty would be that Roosevelt may be slightly bias due to the prevalent widespread ideology of â€Å"White men’s supremacy† at that point of time. In the height of imperialism, the poem of â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† by Rudyard Kipling bought about feelings of superiority and condescending view over the less developed countries mainly Asia. The Whites have the obligation to rule over the indigenous population through colonialization and civilizing mission to educate them. The relationship between US and Japan was marked with tensions with regard to economic and commercial interest over Asia. Roosevelt may view Japan in a negative light such as an aggressor because he felt that only US has a legitimate rule and control over China, unlike an inferior Asian country like Japan However in Roosevelt’s analysis, the rest of the US has a different impression of Japan. He claims that â€Å"the moment everything is smooth and pleasant, there will be a clamor for a stoppage in the building up of the navy. † It can be inferred from Roosevelt that US is easily conceited and once they are in their comfort zone, they will forgot how big a threat Japan possess. Conclusion: In context to what we have learnt so far, it is most relevant to our lecture 6 of â€Å"Culture of High Imperialism – Japan†. Through the evaluation of this document, we have seen that Western power, US, have acknowledged the might of an Asian country, Japan. There have been a change in the balance of global power at that point of time and â€Å"White Men Supremacy† ideology was tested as Japan defeat Russia and China. United State’s President Roosevelt was forced to recognize â€Å"the whole question of our dealings with the Orient is certain to grow in importance† and there was a drastic change of perception of the social construct of the world. He highlighted Japan as a threat of interest and territory in Asia as well as creation of an immigrant problem of racial contest in Hawaii and parts of US. Roosevelt gave solutions such as â€Å"Big Stick Diplomacy† of building up the Navy and keeping it strong to deter Japan from attacking them. He stressed that Senator Knox should not lower his guard during moments of peace and overlook the job of keeping the Navy in its highest point of efficiency as well as controlling the emigration rate of Japanese into US. I have tested the source’s credibility and found it to be largely reliable and largely agree that Japan was a threat to US in the early 1900s and Roosevelt was correct to identify them as one and implement solutions to counter their aggression. 1496 words Bibliography Chitoshi Yananga, Japan Since Perry (Achron Books; Hamden, Connecticut, 1966) David Cody, The growth of the British Empire, Associate Professor of English, (Hartwick College Paragraph 4) 1988 Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al.. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Vol. C. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2009. Mark Canada; The Ready Reference Handbook (49b) Martin, Gary. â€Å"Speak Softly And Carry a Big Stick† ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Mark Canada; The Ready Reference Handbook (49b) http://www. uncp. edu/home/canada/work/markport/best/evaluate. htm (Janaury 2001) [ 2 ]. Chitoshi Yananga, Japan Since Perry (Achron Books; Hamden, Connecticut, 1966), 439 [ 3 ]. Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al.. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Vol. C. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2009. 712-13. [ 4 ]. Chitoshi Yananga, Japan Since Perry (Achron Books; Hamden, Connecticut, 1966), 334 [ 5 ]. Chitoshi Yananga, Japan Since Perry (Achron Books; Hamden, Connecticut, 1966), 333 [ 6 ]. Martin, Gary. â€Å"Speak Softly And Carry a Big Stick† [ 8 ]. Chitoshi Yananga, Japan Since Perry (Achron Books; Hamden, Connecticut, 1966), 429 [ 9 ]. Chitoshi Yananga, Japan Since Perry (Achron Books; Hamden, Connecticut, 1966), 437 [ 10 ]. David Cody, The growth of the British Empire, Associate Professor of English, (Hartwick College Paragraph 4) 1988 How to cite Theodore Roosevelt’s the Threat of Japan, Essay examples

Production System free essay sample

What do Toyota’s guiding principles mean for its management system? In particular, how do they reflect the principles of total quality? Total quality is based on three fundamental principles: †¢A focus on customers and stakeholders †¢Participation and teamwork by everyone in the organization †¢A process focus supported by continuous improvement and learning Since Toyota’s guiding principles include: )Honor the language and spirit of the law of every nation and undertake open and fair corporate activities to be a good corporate citizen of the world. 2) Respect the culture and customs of every nation and contribute to economic and social development through corporate activities in the communities. 3)Dedicate ourselves to providing clean and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere through all our activities. 4)Create and develop advanced technologies and provide outstanding products and services that fulfill the needs of customers worldwide. )Foster a corporate culture that enhances individual creativity and teamwork value, while honoring mutual trust and respect between labor and management. We will write a custom essay sample on Production System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6)Pursue growth in harmony with the global community through innovative management. 7)Work with business partners in research and creation to achieve stable, long-term growth and mutual benefits, while keeping ourselves open to new partnerships. Toyota’s guiding principles reflect all the principles of total quality, by focusing on internal and external customers worldwide including cultures. We can find that participation and teamwork is emphasized in Principles 2, 5, and 7. This reflects that teamwork among all employees where everyone helps whenever they can, The fact that even top and middle managers jumping in to help the productions line is a great testament to the teamwork within the company. By adopting 99 percent of the 650,000 suggestions submitted by its employees, is proof of the empowerment Toyota gives its employees and shows that everyone’s thoughts and ideas are welcomed. This can well ensure constant growth. Toyota’s education system ensures that employees are kept up-to-date and new hires are trained within the company. Toyota implements constant improvement in technology. Also, since Toyota continually seeks to redefine itself to adapt to changes in society and the business environment, including all of the above, this can ensure them the competitive advantage globally. 2. We noted that SSM Health Care learned from manufacturing companies in their quality journey. What can nonmanufacturing companies learn and apply from Toyota philosophy and practices? Suggest specific things that education and government might learn. Just as SSM Health Care learned from manufacturing, other non-profit organizations might also can learn from Toyota. Their constancy of purpose and customer focus is already become part of their culture and been proved that can work everywhere. Their attention to detail and use of continuous improvement methods by every worker has been documented time and time again. They use best practices and share new approaches rapidly among organizational units. They treat their workers as associates, constantly seek suggestions for improvements from their partners, and winning the trust of customers and dealers and ultimately brings growth to the manufacturer. Education could pick up some ideas on how to become a â€Å"learning organization† from Toyota. Government could use some lessons in how to become more â€Å"customer friendly† and how to develop more effective and efficient processes.

Your guide on how to become an electrician

Your guide on how to become an electrician There will always be a need for tradespeople who work with wiring, machines, and other electrical equipment. Electricians keep us powered up, and they possess specialized skills to do work that could be dangerous in the hands of an amateur. If you are considering joining the ranks of these essential professionals, there are several things you need to know about becoming an electrician. What do electricians do?This seems like a no-brainer: electricians work with electrical equipment. That job description is both accurate and completely inadequate because the term â€Å"electrical equipment† includes so much and the work is so varied. Electricians perform repairs, installations, and maintenance. We are probably most used to having electricians visit our homes to install new outlets or repair faulty wiring, but they also perform their work in factories, construction sites, shops, and businesses. They work indoors and out, and the equipment on which they work stretches well beyond household appliances and wiring. Electricians may also decide to specialize in wiring airplanes, ships, cable and data systems.As for the less-specialized electrician, there are four common types:Residential wiremen, who install and repair household wiring.Inside wiremen, who install and repair wiring in non-residential structures, such as factories, arenas, airports, schools, and office buildings.Outside linemen, who lay the cables that connect power plants to residences and buildings.Telecommunications electricians, who install television, telephone, and Internet cables.What skills do electricians have?Electricians do a lot more than connecting cables from one power source to another. They possess a large quantity of skills, both general and specific to their particular areas of specialization.General skills include:Understanding the National Electric Code, which is the regional standard for electrical safety requirementsProblem solvingElectrical safetyWorking with tools such as amp meters, digital multimeters, pliers, measuring devices, drills, saws, etc.Reading blueprintsPlotting the installation of wiring throughout buildingsLocating and replacing faulty wiresWorking with circuit breakers and fusesLocating the energy flow to transformers and circuit breakersAssessing the work of other electriciansEnsuring that electrical work is up to safety standardsManaging electrical crewsMentoring apprenticesMore specialized skills may include installing factory equipment, fiber optic cable, alarm systems, and intercom systems.What education do electricians need?Electrical work is not the kind of thing you need a master’s degree or even a bachelor’s degree to do. You will, however, need a high school diploma or GED. That’s because electricians need a solid foundation in reading comprehension, algebra, physics, trigonometry, and ideally, electronics. Shop and mechanical drawing classes can also be very relevant to the kind of work electricians per form, though these courses are not offered by all high schools. Therefore, it might be useful to seek out extracurricular courses in these areas. They will help you to work with the equipment, understand the technical documents, and comprehend the scientific concepts involved in electrical work.What training do electricians need?While electricians are not expected to earn higher education degrees, they are expected to undergo formal training and earn licenses. This begins with a pre-apprenticeship training program. Such programs are often offered at trade and vocational schools. Although it is possible to find work as an apprentice without having already gone through a pre-apprenticeship program, such a program will make learning a lot easier.Following the pre-apprenticeship program, you will apply for an apprenticeship. The earlier you apply the better, because there will likely be a lot of candidates vying for available apprenticeships.As an apprentice, the goal is to learn the sk ills you need on the job- acting under high-pressure circumstances, trying to perform a service for a customer, and making your supervisor happy. In a pre-apprenticeship program, there’s more room to make the kinds of mistakes that all new students make. You would also get plenty of hands on training in the classroom and a firm understanding of the National Electric Code.There are several organizations that offer apprenticeships:The International Brotherhood of Electrical WorkersIndependent Electrical ContractorsThe National Electrical Contractors AssociationThe National Joint Apprenticeship and Training CommitteeWhen you apply for an apprenticeship, you may have to take an aptitude test that examines your basic reading comprehension, arithmetic, and algebra skills. Certain states have other requirements, such as becoming registered, that may include paying a fee.While apprenticing, you get on-the-job training from a licensed electrician and an hourly salary for your work. Yo u usually start out performing simple tasks, but these will get more and more complex as your training continues.What certification do electricians need?Once you have completed your apprenticeship, you will need to earn a license and/or certification depending on the state in which you plan to work. Each state has its own requirements. For example, some states only require licenses if you plan to start your own business, while others do not require licenses at all. In states that do require licenses, you will earn yours by passing an exam. The exam tests your knowledge of such concepts as how electricity works, job safety, regional laws, and the National Electric Code. Most states require some formal education and practical electrical training.How much do electricians earn?Electricians’ salaries can vary greatly, depending on factors like location, years of experience, and the specific company salary structure. On average, an electrician earns $25 per hour- about $13 per hour at the lower end of the scale and $35 per hour at the upper end. However, taking overtime, bonuses, tips, and profit sharing into account, the average annual salary is $52,720 and an electrician can earn as much as $82k per year. According to PayScale.com, two-thirds of electricians working in the United States also receive medical coverage.How is the job market for electricians?Short answer: great! According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the electrical industry is a fast growing one. With a 14% increase in jobs projected from 2014 to 2024, growth is happening much faster than it is in most other fields. This is due to a burst in construction of new homes and buildings. All of those structures need new wiring, and if you earn your electrician certification, that will be where you come in!

Converting Cubic Inches to Liters

Converting Cubic Inches to Liters This example problem demonstrates how to convert cubic inches to liters, using the real-life scenario of engine displacement, which is the combined swept displacement of all of the machines pistons in their cylinders. When someone describes the power of a car, that person might say that it has a 3.3-liter engine or some such example. Problem Many small car engines have an engine displacement of 151 cubic inches. What is this volume in liters? Working the Solution 1 inch 2.54 centimeters First, convert the measurements to cubic measurements. (1 inch)3 (2.54 cm)3 1 in3 16.387 cm3 Second, convert to cubic centimeters. Set up the conversion so that the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want cubic centimeters to be the remaining unit. volume in cm3 (volume in in3) x (16.387 cm3/1 in3) volume in cm3 (151 x 16.387) cm3 volume in cm3 2,474.45 cm3 Third, convert to liters. 1 L 1,000 cm3 Set up the conversion so that the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want liters to be the remaining unit. volume in L (volume in cm3) x (1 L/1,000 cm3) volume in L (2,474.45/1,000) L volume in L 2.474 L Answer A 151–cubic inch engine displaces 2.474 liters of space (or air).

Tesco Corporate Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tesco Corporate Governance - Case Study Example A quarter of Superstores have received the customer-focused improvements in key areas including car parking, trolleys, signage, counters and availability. Express offers customers the chance to stock up on shopping at their convenience at a diverse range of locations, from inner city stores such as Maida Vale, London, to villages like Yateley in Hampshire. Although on a smaller scale than larger supermarkets, it will provide a broad but carefully selected range of essential everyday products. In the stores that convert to Express, customers will benefit from lower prices, improved service, better fresh food ranges and store environment, as well as better availability, quality and choice. This will also allow Tesco to accelerate their growth in the 20bn convenience market while continuing to run the remainder as OneStop Shops. However, the profitability and growth always goes with the development of the human resource personnel. The human capital after all, continues to be the single most important capital in businesses. Thus, recognizing that they are an essential element to the success and future of providing quality differentiated services at affordable prices, Tesco had also a set of principles that promotes the growth and convenience of its employees. The Tesco Values are a set of principles that describe two work ethics such as: 'Treat people how we like to be treated' and 'No-one tries harder for customers'. Also, employee benefits such as childcare voucher scheme and Shares in Success, where staff with more than a year's service will be eligible for free shares has been devised. Customer Value is what Child (2004) would define as "the difference between the values the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining a product" (pp. 9). Customers usually weigh values and use the product with the best perceived value among the rest and also the product and service that will deliver them the best value. It is what makes a product and service important to them and what will eventually convince them to go ahead and avail of the service or purchase the product. It is thus the responsibility of these firms and organization to be the firm that consumers or customers believe to offer the greatest and highest customer perceived and delivered value. If firms' total customer values are perceived and delivered the best from the combination of "product, sources, personnel and image", more customers will decide to opt for them (pp. 669). Companies now face the challenge of making its target consumers respond accordingly to their marketing efforts. Those who understand its consumers' responses will have a great competitive advantage. The starting point towards this is through the stimulus-response model of buyer behaviour which involves examining the marketing and other stimuli in the consumer's black box that translates into buyer responses (Child, 2004). Marketing stimuli often consist of the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place and promotion while the other stimuli may include economic, technological, political and cultural factors which exist in the marketing environment. Child (2004) explains that the practical application of learning to most companies is that they can build a demand for a product through association with strong drives, motivation cues and positive reinforcement. Lastly, beliefs and attitudes are

Personal Behavior Towards the Negotiation Process Essay

Personal Behavior Towards the Negotiation Process - Essay Example I am a person who enjoyed negotiating. I am actually challenged every time I am in the midst of a negotiation with a person whose ideas or wants are contrary to mine. Attempting to persuade others to my point of view makes me more knowledgeable, skillful, and fulfilled, especially if the outcome is favorable to my position. I do not believe that a perfect negotiator exists because every situation involves different people, objectives, or issues. However, most of the time, I prefer the half way or the safest side of the process because I always value future relationships, and I do not want to lose everything I have. In other words, it is fine with me if I win or lose some, as long as the person I am negotiating with is winning or losing some at the same time (or moderate satisfaction). I love to bargain and get an ideal outcome, but honestly this is not an easy job because steps are not predetermined, and I have to rely on my own instinct and understanding. My Self-Assessment as a Neg otiator In terms of self-assessment, I could say that I am using a compromising negotiation style, or I am in between the competing and collaborating style every time I negotiate. Furthermore, this style â€Å"refers to behaviors at an intermediate level of cooperation and assertiveness† (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2007, p. 303). ... ays focus on details about the negotiation such as the name of the people I am negotiating with, their background, time constraints, proposals, bargaining terms, and many more. I am also very particular with events by giving my full attention to the situation; in fact, I hate the feeling of being ignored by other parties or when the opposing negotiator is changing the issue without giving his or her full attention to the matter. Hence, I consider myself as a responsible and a well-organized negotiator. Furthermore, I am a negotiator who does not give up too easily or hold out too long because I always organize a plan or set of alternatives for me to use as a counter balance during stagnant bargaining. However, I know my limitation or when to give up, and make a compromise if it is necessary. By the time the opposing negotiator has showed me some facts, evidences, or an extreme bargaining position, I know I have no other choice, but to make tradeoffs. The concessions I always make are those on the middle ground (usually moderately) or acceptable to both parties, so that the process will move forward. My Negotiating Skills I am effective in persuading others because I always put my heart and my mind to any negotiation I encounter. I also make sure that corresponding rules and policies are being followed or observed during the process. As a negotiator, I always practice when to listen and when to react, and I organize my thoughts, so that I could not say something that could annoy other parties. I make sure that I am well-prepared on what to say and what to do in every situation I might encounter by preparing or having a deep understanding of the bargaining agreement. Also, I am confident that I could persuade other people towards my point of view because I have very

Religion vs magic in dealing with problems Essay -- essays research pa

All societies and human beings have a set of beliefs for ordering the world. Religion and magic are belief systems used by many societies. This essay will discuss the function and moral dimensions of both magic and religion, and focus on the need to explore human beliefs and behaviours in the context of the society in which they occur. I will also discuss the way in which magic and religion use various processes to provide psychological reassurance to individuals, leading to the conclusion that both belief systems incorporate equally rational ways of dealing with problems. Religion can be seen as an overarching controlling force in the universe that sustains the moral and social order of the people, serving to validate people’s lives. The main purposes of religion function to set a moral code and sense of community and security, to explain misfortunes in life and most importantly, to help people through crisis and problems, providing hope and faith. There is some evidence of hostility in Western belief systems toward magic, with magic tending to be understood as an erroneous and unreliable belief knowledge system. Some anthropologists believe it is necessary to distinguish between religion and magic, seeing religion as a rational belief system and magic as irrational. Many evolutionist anthropologists maintain the belief that magic and religion equate to different stages of social evolution, holding that ‘the deeper minds may be conceived to have made the great transition from magic to religion’ (Frazer, J 1890). This phrase is misl eading because it suggests that some societies are less complex, rational or primitive than other ‘advanced’ societies, enhancing the common misconception that religion is a more rational way of dealing with problems than magic is. Religion is generally associated with developed cultures and magic is associated with undeveloped, so-called primitive cultures, hence encouraging the idea that magic belongs to superstitious, irrational individuals with limited intellectual abilities. Magic, through various forms including activities and rituals, provides a means to influence the supernatural. It is a way of gaining information about the unknown, and also gives a sense of control over events and happenings of life. Magic, like religion, provides meaning and purpose, reducing uncertainty, effectively counteracting the forces of fe... ... breadth of experience in terms of something fundamental. There is a basic human unwillingness to think of the universe as random†¦For events that have moral dimensions, as unexpected misfortunes do, we often seek moral causes (Bowen, J. 1988:88). Both magic and religion, with differing methods, aim to seek patterns, causes and reasons for things. There is little point distinguishing between magic and religion. They both provide a way of dealing with problems, are rational within the context of society they exist in, and in some cases, coexist in society. Anthropologists should explore what forms of religion and magic mean to people, how they help to make sense of the world and solve problems, and how they give meaning and direction to different forms of human existence (Eriksen 1995:211). References: Bowen, J. R. 1998. Explaining misfortune: witchcraft and sorcery. Chapter 5 of J.R. Bowen Religions in Practice: An Approach to the Anthropology of Religion. Allyn and Bacon. Eriksen, T. H 2001. Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology. London: Pluto Press. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

Piaget’s background Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was actually not a psychologist at first; he dedicated his time to mollusc research. In fact, by the time he was 21 he’d already published twenty scientific papers on them! He soon moved to Paris, and got a job interviewing mental patients. Before long, he was working for Alfred Binet, and refining Burt’s reasoning test. During his time working at Binet’s lab, he studied the way that children reasoned. After two years of working with children, Piaget finally realised what he wanted to investigate – children’s development!He noticed that children of a younger aged answered questions qualitatively different than those of an older age. This suggested to him that younger children were not less knowledgeable, but gave different answers because they thought differently. He spent over 10 years perfecting his theory, and it is widely acknowledged as one of the most valuable developmental theories – e specially of it’s time. It’s no lie that there are many new, possibly more valid theories now, but Piaget’s theory has had a lot of influence on schools, teaching and education all over the world.So, let’s begin exploring Piaget’s theory, the key concepts and the stages. Theories of cognitive development: Jean Piaget. September 5, 2010 at 4:00 pm 49 comments Our first years of life are an incredible, but dangerous journey. Thousands of sperm died trying to make us, and only one made it. From our journey as an embryo to a foetus – the size of a single cell to a fully sized baby – we develop more than we will our entire lives. From birth until we’re a few years old, our development is still incredibly rapid; we have so much to learn in such little time!It is advantageous to learn quickly, that way we’re more likely to survive in the cruel, unforgiving world. Piaget’s background Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was actually n ot a psychologist at first; he dedicated his time to mollusc research. In fact, by the time he was 21 he’d already published twenty scientific papers on them! He soon moved to Paris, and got a job interviewing mental patients. Before long, he was working for Alfred Binet, and refining Burt’s reasoning test. During his time working at Binet’s lab, he studied the way that children reasoned.After two years of working with children, Piaget finally realised what he wanted to investigate – children’s development! He noticed that children of a younger aged answered questions qualitatively different than those of an older age. This suggested to him that younger children were not less knowledgeable, but gave different answers because they thought differently. He spent over 10 years perfecting his theory, and it is widely acknowledged as one of the most valuable developmental theories – especially of it’s time.It’s no lie that there are many new, possibly more valid theories now, but Piaget’s theory has had a lot of influence on schools, teaching and education all over the world. So, let’s begin exploring Piaget’s theory, the key concepts and the stages. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Background: Piaget’s theory is based on stages, whereby each stage represents a qualitatively different type of thinking. Children in stage one cannot think the same as children in stage 2, 3 or 4 etc. Transitions from one stage to another are generally very fast, and the stages always follow an invariant sequence.Another important characteristic of his stage theory is that they are universal; the stages will work for everyone in the world regardless of their differences (except their age, of course, which is what the stages are based on! ) Piaget acknowledged that there is an interaction between a child and the environment, and this is a focal point for his theory. He believed a chil d cannot learn unless they are constantly interacting with their environment, making mistakes and then learning from them. He defined children as â€Å"lone scientists†; he did not identify any need for teachers or adults in cognitive development.Children have all the cognitive mechanisms to learn on their own, and the interaction with their environment allows them to do so. To put this in perspective, another theory by Lev Vygotsky suggested that the interaction is not important at all; the child will learn when encouraged to with an adult’s assistance. The Key Concepts of Piaget’s theory: Before explaining the main part of Piaget’s theory (the four stages), it’s very important to look at some of the underlying principles behind it. †¢Schema (pl.Schemata, although some say â€Å"Schemas† for the plural) Possibly one of the most important concepts put forward by Piaget, Schemata help individuals understand the world they inhabit. They a re cognitive structures that represent a certain aspect of the world, and can be seen as categories which have certain pre-conceived ideas in them. For example, my schema for Christmas includes: Christmas trees, presents, giving, money, green, red, gold, winter, Santa Claus etc. Someone else may have an entirely different schema, such as Jesus, birth, Church, holiday, Christianity etc.Of course, there are schemata for all kinds of things – yourself (self schemata), other people (people schemata), events/situations (event schemata) and roles/occupations (role schemata). With regards to Piaget’s theory, a child might have a pre-conceived schema for a dog. If the household has a small West Highland White Terrier as a dog, the schema might be â€Å"small, furry, four legs, white†. When the child interacts with a new dog – perhaps a Labrador, it will change to incorporate the new information, such as â€Å"big, golden, smooth etc. † This is known as: â € ¢AssimilationSimply the process of incorporating new information into a pre-existing schema. So with the â€Å"dog† example, the child assimilated the Labrador’s information into the old dog schema. Assimilation is essentially fitting new information into schemata we already have in place. Unfortunately, this can lead to stereotyping. For example, if an old lady sees a teenager mug another person, she might assimilate â€Å"violence† or â€Å"crime† into her teenage schema. Next time she sees a teenager, her schema will be applied to them – and although they may be a kind person, she will probably show prejudice.Assimilation is normally a simple process, as new information already fits the pre-exisiting categories. †¢Accommodation When coming across a new object for the first time, a child will attempt to apply an old schema to the object. For consistency, let’s use the dog example again. The child may have â€Å"four legs, furryâ €  in their dog schema. When coming across another similar animal, such as a cat, they might say â€Å"Look, a dog! † – that’s assimilation. However, when told that it’s actually a cat – not a dog – they will accommodate the new information into another schema.They will now form a â€Å"cat† schema; â€Å"not all four legged furry animals are dogs – some are cats too! †. They have accommodated the new information. The process just mentioned – of assimilation then accommodation is known as – †¢Adaptation Assimilation and accommodation are the two parts of adaptation – which is simply what it says – adapting our schemata to make an accurate (enough) model of the world we live in. It is a form of learning, but an entirely different form to the kind you’d see in behaviourist psychology for example (such as operant/classical conditioning). †¢EquilibriumPiaget suggested that huma ns naturally strive to achieve a cognitive balance; there must be a balance between applying prior knowledge (assimilation) and changing schemata to account for new information (accommodation). Piaget suggested that when a child has a schema which doesn’t fit reality, there is tension in the mind. By balancing the use of assimilation and accommodation, this tension is reduced and we can proceed to higher levels of thought and learning (equilibration). The following stages form the bulk of Piaget’s theory: STAGE ONE: The Sensorimotor stage Occurs from birth to approx. years old. During this stage, information is received through all the senses. The child tries to make sense of the world during this stage, and as the name suggests, only senses and motor abilities are used to do so. The child utilizes innate behaviours to enhance this learning process, such as sucking, looking, grasping, crying and listening. To make this even more complex, there are 6 sub-stages of this one stage. To begin, the child uses only reflexes and innate behaviour. Towards the end of this stage, the child uses a range of complex sensorimotor skills. The sub-stages are as follows: 1.Reflexes (0-1 month): The child uses only innate reflexes. For example, if a nipple or dummy is put into a baby’s mouth, they will reflexively suck on it. If an object is placed in their palm, the hand will automatically grab it. These reflexes have the sole function of keeping the child alive. 2. Primary Circular Actions (1-4 months): The child now has a fixation with it’s own body with regards to behaviour(what Piaget refers to as primary behaviour); they will perform actions repeatedly on themselves (like sucking their own hand). They also begin to refine reflexes here to form more complex versions of them. 3.Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months): At around 4 months, the child begins to take an interest in their environment (their behaviour is secondary). They notice that th ey can actually influence events in their world, for example they can drop a teddy which bashes a ball on the floor. Although this occurs, the infant will not make conscious connections between what they do and the consequences, they merely observe that their actions have interesting effects. 4. Co-ordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months): At this point, the child begins to engage in goal-directed behaviour; they begin to develop cause-effect relationships.So rather than crawl over to a teddy in a cart to pick it up, they might instead pull the cart over with the teddy in to acquire it. The child effectively knows that their behaviour will have a certain consequence. At this stage, object permanence is acquired – but I will explain this after these sub-stages. 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months): At this stage, children like to use creativity and flexibility with their previous behaviours, and the result of their experimentation often leads to differ ent outcomes.So rather than grabbing a box, they might instead try to tilt or manipulate it. 6. Symbolic/Mental Representation (18-24 months): At this stage, the child develops symbolic thought and the ability to mentally represent objects in their head. Normally, the child would need to resort to trial-and-error to achieve a desired effect. Now, however, the child can ‘plan’ to some extent and mentally construct the consequences of an action in their head. Of course, predictions are not always accurate, but it is a step up from trial-and-error.There are two key examples of mental representation in children: object permanence and deferred imitation. Object permanence is when objects exist even when out of sight. In the first three sub-stages, children will not attempt to search for an object which is hidden from their view; in their mind, the object simply ceases to exist as they cannot see it. At sub-stage four, however, they show this characteristic of object permanen ce. If an object is hidden from them, they will attempt to find it, but will repeatedly look in the same place – even if the object is moved (the so called â€Å"A-not-B error†).However, by sub-stage 6, the child is able to mentally represent the object in their mind, leading to exploration for an object even if it is moved. They will continue to look for an object until they find it, as they understand objects exist regardless of where they are. Deferred imitation is simply the imitation of behaviour a child has seen before. As a child can mentally represent behaviour they have seen, they are able to enact it through playing and in other situations. So a child might ‘talk’ down a toy telephone or ‘steer’ a toy car around the room.STAGE TWO: The Pre-operational Stage Occurs from 2-7 years of age. The mental representation of the sensorimotor stage provides a smooth transition to semiotic functioning in the pre-operational stage. This essential ly means that a child can use one object to represent another (symbolically). For example, a child swinging their arms in a circular motion might represent the wheels on a train, or sticking their arms out and running might symbolise the movement of an aeroplane. This shows the relationships children can form between language, actions and objects at this stage.A major characteristic of this stage is egocentrism: perception of the world in relation to oneself only. Children struggle to perceive situations from another point of view or perspective, as shown by Piaget and Inhelder’s Three Mountains Task (1956). In this study, children were asked what can be perceived from certain positions on a 3D model. See the diagram below for a clearer idea. Piaget and Inhelder: Three Mountains Task (1956)†] [1 The child would have been asked, â€Å"What view does Piaget have? †. In the actual study though, they were shown around 8 cards of possible viewpoints rather than the th ree above.As you can imagine, the children struggled to decentralise and pick the correct picture. Another feature of this stage is conservation. Children struggle to understand the difference in quantity and measurements in different situations. For example, suppose a child is shown a short, fat beaker full of water. When that water is transferred entirely to a tall, thin beaker – we would know the level of water is identical – only the beaker has changed. However, a child in this stage will conclude there is more water in the tall beaker, just because the level of water looks higher.Children in this stage also lack the required cognition to apply reversibility to situations; they cannot imagine objects or numbers reversed to their previous form. This will be explored in the next stage (where reversibility IS present). When a child has the ability to decenter, they are said to progress to the next stage STAGE THREE: The Concrete Operational Stage Occurs from 7-11 year s of age. This stage sees another shift in children’s cognitive thinking. It is aptly named â€Å"concrete† because children struggle to apply concepts to anything which cannot physically be manipulated or seen.Nevertheless, the child continues to improve their conservation skills, and by the age of 11 they can conserve numbers, weight and volume (acquired in that order). The child can also understand principles of †class inclusion†; perspective tasks become much easier, and children begin to understand that other people actually have different views to themselves. Simple maths, such as addition/subtraction become much easier. However, as this stage is concrete, Piaget suggests children will struggle to apply any prior knowledge to abstract situations.For example, when asked seriation tasks such as â€Å"John is taller than Pete. John is shorter than Simon. Who is tallest? † , concrete children often fail to provide a correct answer as the situation is too abstract. However, when dolls are used to represent Pete, Simon and John, the children are able to answer – as the situation is bought back to a concrete one with physical representations. STAGE FOUR: The Formal Operational Stage. Occurs from age 11 onwards. Children at this stage acquire the ability to think hypothetically and â€Å"outside the box†.Logical conclusions can be inferred from verbal information, and â€Å"concrete†, physical objects are no longer necessary. When presented with a problem, children at this stage can consider solutions to the problem in a logical manner. The child becomes increasingly â€Å"adult-like† with regards to their cognitive abilities. Scientific reasoning is apparent in this stage, and is indicated by Piaget and Inhelder’s Pendulum Task (1958). When asked to determine the effect different weights and rope length have on the speed of a swinging pendulum, formal operational children came to consistent and logical conclusions.

Reality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in...

Reality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeares Hamlet As appearances play an important role in todays society, so they also play an important role in William Shakespeares play Hamlet. From the first scene to the last, Shakespeare elaborates on the theme of appearance versus reality through plot and character. The plays plot is full of incidents and events that are not what they appear to be. One such incident is Ophelias ambiguous death. When, from the Queen, the audience first learns of her passing, the girls death seems very peaceful, poetic and accidental. But later, during the Graveyard Scene, when the clowns are discussing her death, they classify it as a suicide. Does Ophelia, as†¦show more content†¦He does this to know whether or not Claudius is guilty of his own brothers murder. Hamlet is by far the most observed character throughout the play. Claudius first calls upon two of Hamlets old friends, Rozencrantz and Guildenstern. He asks them to try to find the source of Hamlets madness. Polonius and the King himself later spy on Hamlet. This time, they use Ophelia to try to expose the reason of Hamlets madness. Another spy scene occurs in the Closet Scene when Polonius eavesdrops on Hamlet and the Queen. This proves fatal for the old lord chamberlain. Through Op helias death, the Triple-Pronged plan, and the various spy plots, the audience becomes aware of the beguiling nature of Hamlets plot. Shakespeare also used the characters in Hamlet to explore the theme of appearance versus reality. For example, Rozencrantz and Guildenstern appear to be Hamlets friends but they are, in reality, spying on him for Claudius. As well, Hamlet is uncertain whether or not the ghost is what it appears to be (his father) or perhaps something else such as the devil in disguise. In addition, the players in whom Hamlet takes such delight base their profession on appearing real; the First Player sheds tears as he recites the speech about the late King Priam and his grieving wife, Heccuba. Polonius, as well as his son and daughter, also help to advance the theme. The fatherShow MoreRelated Reality and Illusion in Shakespeares Hamlet - Reality, Appearance and Deception875 Words   |  4 PagesReality and Illusion in Hamlet    Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, begins with the appearance of a ghost, an apparition, possibly a hallucination. Thus, from the beginning, Shakespeare presents the air of uncertainty, of the unnatural, which drives the action of the play and develops in the protagonist as a struggle to clarify what only seems to be absolute and what is actually reality. 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